Paramatma iti caap yuktaha Dehey asmin Purusha ha Para ha.
The Supreme Self enshrined in body is also called the onlooker, endorser, endower, enjoyer, the Great Lord and the Supreme Self.
Some German commentators say that this 23rd verse in Chapter 13 is a later addition to the Bhagavad Gita - it does not seem to be 'in the flow' of Vyasa's narrative.
They say, it is just an array - an Avali - of names. Like a NamAvali, a mere eulogy of the Self.
But 'the array' documented by Wyasa, has intent.
Upa drashta - a mere onlooker!
In an un-subdued individual, the VAsanas are in full flow, say 100%.
There may be no dharma, or purity, in this person.
And the diabolical individual may revel as a despot in this world, like say, Hitler.
The Divine dwells in him, as mere onlooker - Upa Drashta.
When one subdues or surrenders a mere 20% of one's VAsanas, and takes refuge in the Divine - the Divine becomes Anumanta - nods his head in approval and endorses one's actions.
In those who surrender 40% of their VAsanas, the Divine fills their bowl and supports their undertakings - Bharta.
When 60% of one's VAsanas are surrendered, the Divine comes alive, as enjoyer - Bhokta.
In them who have surrendered 80% of their VAsanas, the Divine finds expression as the Great Lord - Maheshwara ha, the master of Natural forces.
And those whose surrender is 100% - they become one, with the Supreme Self - Param Atman.
- Swami Chinmayananda.
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